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Sounds of Industry
Deeply steeped in the
imagery of the Industrial age, Industrial music began by mimicking the
sounds of mass production. The historic Industrial Revolution was
largely characterized by man's attempts to overcome and tame nature,
and the consuming drive of progress. Idealistically machines make work
easier for mankind, though the early realities created a class
division of factory owners and squalid treatment and living conditions
for its workers. Once technology trickled down and was refined to the
point that the everyday man could not only record and playback sound,
but also reshape sound through electronic musical equipment such as
the Moog synthesizers and the Theremin, artists began using this
technology to express themselves.
Perhaps Industrial Music was a natural reclaiming of the years lost
in the thrall of the machine age. Or perhaps by using the sounds of
industry itself artists were singing the praises of an Industrial age
that brought technology to their hands. Much of the earliest
Industrial and electronic music formed from pure experimentation in
laboratories and performance art in art-houses with roots to the DaDa
movement of anti-art. Whatever motivations pulled musicians toward the
clanking of metal and the grinding of gears one thing is certain,
early Industrial musicians set themselves apart from any music that
had come before, and paved the way for many incarnations and hybrids
of electro-industrial music.
In recent years the digital revolution has brought high-quality
streamlined synthesizers into the hands of the amateur, as well as
professional grade recording options to any modern home computer
system. This has opened the possibility for any one to write music for
an entire orchestra of sound from their living room, thusly flooding
the genre with a plethora of material forcing those that shine to rise
above the masses.
The 21st century has begun with the means of production in the
hands of the consumer, and many bands are further defining the face of
Industrial and Electronic music. Electronic music and Industrial music
have battled and walked hand in hand over the past three decades, and
has both advanced and come full circle back to it's roots. Although
often dismissed as noise, this is a vast and wide genre of music from
the very organic, to the very synthetic. Don't sell yourself short,
explore all that the new Industrial Revolution in music is bringing,
and then perhaps try your own hand at creating music with machines.
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APOPTYGMA BERZERK |
WOLFSHIEM |
VNV NATION |
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Hailing from Norway, Apoptygma Berzerk is the brain child of Stephan Groth.
Combining elements of EBM/synthpop/and techno, Apop's music has
re-defined electronic dance music and gained a large following in
the process. With over six albums, a multitude of singles, and two
U.S. tours under it's belt, the band is sure to keep moving
forward and gaining in popularity. The latest release is entitled
"Harmonizer", and you can check out more about the band at their
website
www.apoptygmaberzerk.de
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In
1991, Lothar Garther from Strange Ways Records discovered the
talented duo know as Wolfsheim, and released the maxi-CD The
Sparrows and the Nightingales. Over 10,000 copies were sold.
Wolfsheim's debut album, No Happy View, was released in 1992.
Selling over 40,000 copies. Several magazines heralded Wolfsheim
as band of the year. In February 1999, Wolfsheim released their
most successful album to date, Spectators. The album remained at
number two on the German Media Control Charts for several weeks,
and became one of the most sought-after synth-pop albums of all
time. In 2001, Metropolis Records brought Wolfsheim to American
ears, by releasing the Spectators album domestically. Wolfsheim
blends retro-synth-pop with electro to create an elaborate
concoction of emotions and feelings with their first U.S. release,
and first for MetropolisRecords, Spectators. Comparable to Depeche
Mode's Violator, Spectators conveys messages of love, loss, and
relationships while reminding you nothing is perfect and we are
only human. For 2003, the band has once again returned to the
spotlight with their much-anticipated follow-up, Casting Shadows. |
VNV
Nation was founded by Ronin Harris (electronics/lyrics/vocals).
Along with Marc Jackson (Drums) the band is fast becoming one of
the most popular EBM/industrial bands around. They have also had
two U.S. tours (one with Apoptygma Berzerk), released four albums
and several singles as well. Ronin has also been a major force in
remixing, as well as producing the band Angels and Agony. The
bands signature sound of orchestral synths, pounding beats,
thought provoking lyrics, and a very loyal following is sure to
guarantee their continued sucess. You can find out more about them
by visiting their website at
www.vnvnation.com |
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PROJECT PITCHFORK |
ICON OF COIL |
DAS ICH |
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Project Pitcfork has been around for some time and has a myriad of
releases to it's name. Constantly re-defining itself, the band
cannot be simply labeled industrial. They have a many elements of
darkwave and gothic overtones woven into their ever changing sound
as well. They have only recently gotten the much needed attention
they so deserved with the albums "Daimonion" and "Inferno" which
found their way into the clubs as of late. Hopefully this will
encourage new fans to delve into older material to see the complex
musical layers this unique band has to offer. Explore the mystery
at
www.projectpitchfork.de
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This
band came bursting onto the industrial scene in 2000 with the
single "Shallow Nation." It was quickly realized by many that
these newcomers were here to stay. Their energetic mixture of hard
techno/ebm hit the dance-floors by storm, and soon after their
first full length CD "Serenity Is The Devil" the band was gaining
a huge following both here and in Europe. After a successful tour
opening for Apoptygma Berzerk, the band released it's next full
length album, "The Soul Is In The Software." Taking the formula
from their previous works and giving it a harder and grittier
element, the band evolved their sound while still keeping the club
goer's begging for more. They again toured opening for VNV Nation
and have shown no signs of slowing down. One of the best crossover
electronic acts out there. Find out more at
www.iconofcoil.com |
One of the more
innovative and original German industrial acts to come about in
the last 14 years is none other than Das Ich. Combining harsh
german lyrics with a dark orchestral electronic sound, they have
crossed the borders of what defines gothic/industrial music, and
taken it to new realms. The duo of Bruno Kramm and Stefen Ackerman
have only intensified their music by having one of the most
incredible live shows as well. Stefan's demonic appearance and
gaunt skeletal figure, half naked, prowling the stage like a feral
animal, while preaching his dark sermon to the crowd is a sight
most never forget. Combined with the intensity of Bruno's massive
industrial soundtrack and you have the setting for something truly
amazing. Everyone should own at least one Das Ich album, it's just
that simple. Enter their world at your own peril at
www.dasich.de |
INDUSTRIAL LINKS
For all of you out there who have trouble tracking down your favorite
goth/industrial/experimental/noise bands, here is a list of the best
mail order sites that I have found. Metropolis and Isolation Tank are
here in the states. So, If you have to have it right away, these would
be your best bet. However, the rest are all in Europe and they
sometimes have stuff months ahead of time before it hits our shores,
so if that's the case give them a try. All of these sites are well set
up (isolation tank is a little confusing to get around, but if you
cannot find something, call them on the phone to order) and I have
never had a problem with any of them. So get out that credit card and
buy some music!!
-Craig Harvey
Metropolis Records
www.metropolis-records.com
Infrarot
www.infrarot.de
MNS (Music Non Stop)
www.musicnonstop.co.uk
Isolation Tank
www2.mailordercentral.com/isotank/
Hot Stuff
www.hotstuff.se
Recycle Your Ears
www.recycleyourears.com
HISTORIC INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Timeline of Communications, Industry, and Electronic Development.
1455 – Gutenberg Press : The modern invention of mass media begins
with the printing of bibles.
1705 – Steam Engine : The steam engine begins developing but won’t be
widely used for at least 100 years.
1760 – Agricultural Revolution : From 1760 to 1830 leaps and bounds in
farm machinery and techniques primarily in England, supplies the
masses with food. People prosper and expand.
1775 – American Revolution : The Boston Tea Party and the Boston
Massacre become some of the catalysts that rise to war. From 1775 to
1783 The Americas rebel and declare themselves an independent country
from England.
1789 – 1799 - French Revolution :
1807 – The Steam Engine services travel on the Hudson.
1830 - The use of machines begins in manufacturing with waterwheels as
energy source. Pottery is mass produced aiding in hygiene.
1833 – The Analytical Engine : Charles Babbage designs the first
computer. It is mechanical and too far ahead of its time to find
relevance.
1837 – Telegraph : First messages sent with electricity. Becomes the
primary communication for nautical voyage.
1859 – First commercial oil well drilled in Pennsyvania
1876 – Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.
1879 - Thomas Edison invents the indandescent light bulb.
1889 – Automobile : First car manufacturers in the world were French:
Panhard & Levassor (1889) and Peugeot (1891).
1894 – The Automatic Loom : Opens up the creation of textiles.
1899 – Magnetic Recording : The first sound is recorded on a magnetic
strip.
1900 – Internal Combustion Engine : Although it had been invented much
earlier the Internal Combustion Engine comes into new relevance with
the U.S. automobile development.
1900’s - Electric Power begins to be widely used.
1903 – Aeronautics : Wright Brother’s first flight.
1913 - Assembly Line : Ford uses the assembly line to create a model
of automobile manufacturing. It is said Ford got his idea for the
assembly line from the “disassembly line” of the meatpacking industry
in Chicago. The ‘disassembly lines’ changed the face of meat
processing with, “a dissection so complete, all that was left was the
squeals.”
1920 – Radio
1926 – Metropolis : Fritz Lang produces the black and white silent
film that is considered the first Science Fiction movie. Many people
have been influenced by the highly industrial imagery of this vision
of the future. Fritz Lang fled Nazi Germany when the Nazi party showed
interest in commissioning his talents.
1929 – Commercial Airplane
1930 – Electric power speeds up the Russian industrialization.
1933 - Homer Capehart sold Simplex changer mechanism to Wurlitzer,
sold juke boxes to distributors who installed music systems in
post-Prohibition grilles and taverns.
1936 – Power Grid : The U.K. has a power grid in place over most major
areas.
1939 – Television : The first regular television broadcasting begins.
1946 – ENIAC : The first digital computer is built
1947 - Big 6 record companies controlled majority industry: Columbia,
Victor, Decca, Capitol, MGM, Mercury; but teenagers rejected majority
music style, giving opportunity to the rise of new small independent
labels.
1949 - RCA Victor introduced 7-inch 45 rpm micro-groove Extended Play
vinylite record and player; later records made of polystyrene. In
September, Capitol became the first major label to support all three
recording speeds of 78, 45, 33-1/3 rpm.
1954 - Regency TR-1, first transistor portable radio introduced
by I.D.E.A. Co. of Indianapolis
1955 - Louis and Bebe Barron's release electronic soundtrack to the
film Forbidden Planet .
1955 - The first synthesizer was built at RCA, USA
1958 - world standard for stereo records established, and first stereo
LPs sold; new generation of Hi-Fi components adopt stereo. Koss
introduced stereo headphones.
1960's - ARPANET: The Department of Defense develops the first network
systems that will pave the way for the world wide web.
1964 - Synthesizer : Bob Moog creates his first prototype synthesizer.
The 'Moog' would revolutionize electronic music.
1968 - A New York duo called Silver Apples combined simplistic,
machinelike electronic oscillators with psychedelic pop and pre-Can
metronomic rhythms.
1968 - The first synthesizer only record was released, "Switched On
Bach" with Wendy Carlos. It was music of Bach played on a Moog
synthesizer.
1970 - KRAFTWERK release their pioneering first self titled album.
1971 - "Krautrock" begins with German musicians like Amon Düül II (Tanz
der Lemminge), Faust (Faust) and Can (Tago Mago), moving progressive
rock towards new sonic territory, eventually influencing genres
including New Wave, electronica and industrial rock.
1973 - Brian Eno releases his first album "Here Come The Warm Jets"
1974 - KRAFTWERK release their breakthrough 22 minute single AUTOBAHN.
1974 - Nash and Dannie Flesher found Wax Trax! alternative record
store in Denver.
1975 - First Industrial Recording: Lou Reed's 'Metal Machine Music' is
released on R.C.A. Records. Considered the first industrial record.
1976 - Industrial Records Formed : Throbbing Gristle forms Industrial
Records including artists such as Cabaret Voltaire, Clock DVA, Richard
H. Kirk, Monte Cazazza (acknowledged as inventing the term "industrial
music"), The Leather Nun, Chris Carter, Thomas Leer and Robert Rental,
William S Burroughs.
1978 - Factory Records Formed : Joy Division, New Order, Happy
Mondays. Subsequently spawned the wildly popular Hacienda Club, the
alleged birthplace of House culture.
1978 - Wax Trax! alternative record store moved to Chicago and opened
on the city's North Side. The store became the focus of Chicago's
underground music scene.
1978 - Early performances of Cabaret Voltaire mixed electronic music
and dadaist-inspired performance art.
1978 - Daniel Miller founds MUTE records. Later home to bands like
Depeche Mode and Nick Cave, Erasure, Moby and Nitzer Ebb.
1979 - Al Jourgensen forms Ministry
1980 - Depeche Mode founded in Basildon, Essex England.
1980 - Einsturzende Neubauten - formed out of the Berlin arts
conglomerate Die Geniale Dilletanten - made their live debut on April
1, 1980 at the Moon Club in Berlin. Experimenting with a variety of
percussive effects and a collage of sounds created by unusual rhythmic
instruments ranging from breaking glass and steel girders to pipes and
canisters.
1980 - Joy Division lead singer Ian Curtis commits suicide on May 18.
The remaining members go on to become New Order.
1980 - The artist-oriented label Wax Trax! is founded in Chicago. The
label pioneered the industrial music movement in the U.S., issuing
music by such acts as Ministry, KMFDM, Front 242, My Life With The
Thrill Kill Kult, and Revolting Cocks. Dark, grim, technology-oriented
rock with a machine-like dance beat. Occasionally, the label put out
lighter releases, such as Divine's single "Born To Be Cheap"/ "The
Name Game."
1981 - Ministry release "Everyday is Halloween"
1981 - Front 242 release their first album. Later coined the term
Electronic Body Music (EBM)
1981 - Depeche Mode release their first single "Dreaming Of Me"
1982 - first digital audio 5-inch CD discs marketed, merging the
consumer music industry with the computer revolution.
1982 - Skinny Puppy forms in Vancouver BC merging art and performance
with their now classic groundbreaking industrial dance sound.
1983 - Cabaret Voltaire begins moving towards dance music.
Re/Search releases "Industrial Culture Handbook"
1984 - What began in Hamburg, Germany as an underground phase called
Kein Mehrheit Für Die Mitleid is now a worldwide marvel known as KMFDM.
1986 - Stephan Groth (Apoptygma Berzerk) begins experimenting with EBM,
‘Electronic Body Music.’
1986 - Bill Leeb (former Skinny Puppy) forms FRONT LINE ASSEMBLY.
1986 - KMFDM release their first true album, What Do You Know,
Deutschland?
1987 - Meat Beat Manifesto formed as a side project of the pop group
Perennial Divide.
1987 - Wolfsheim forms.
1988 - for the first time, CD sales surpassed LP sales, leaving CD and
cassette as the two dominant consumer formats
1989 - Depeche Mode release "101" recorded at their 101st show at the
Rose Bowl in Pasadena in front of a sold out crowd of over 70,000
fans.
1989 - Meat Beat Manifesto releases first album "Storm The Studio"
1989 - "Personal Jesus" the first single off Depeche Mode's "Violator"
became the best selling 12" ever in Warner Bros. history.
1989 - Trent Reznor forms Nine Inch Nails in Cleveland, OH.
1989 - Apoptygma Berzerk is born.
1990 - Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids form in Ft. Lauderdale, FL.
1990 - Inspired while on Ministry's A Mind Is A Terrible Thing To
Taste tour former PIL drummer Martin Atkins forms the first industrial
supergroup PIGFACE.
1990 - Leather Strip release their first album The Pleasure of
Penetration.
1990 - VNV Nation forms in London, England by Ronin Harris.
1991 - :wumpscut: forms.
1992 - Working largely on handshakes ultimately backfired when a
number of bands left Wax Trax! Records for major labels. The label was
forced to file for bankruptcy and was subsequently sold to TVT
Records, but Nash and Flesher retained creative control.
1992 - Cleopatra Records founded by long-time music fan, BRIAN PERERA.
Noted as being the single most influential factor in the resurgence of
Gothic rock in the nineties despite releases by KRAFTWERK, NICO, THE
ADICTS, 45 GRAVE and SIGUE SIGUE SPUTNIK.
1992 - Wolfsheim's debut album, No Happy View, released.
1993 - Former NIN members Richard Patrick and Brian Liesegang form
FILTER.
1994 - Apoptygma Berzerk's debut album, Soli Deo Gloria, released
1994 - COVENANT form in Sweden.
1995 - Metropolis Records, the world's premiere electro and industrial
label, a valuable source of electro, Gothic, and industrial CDs from
other labels from around the world. Home to influential industrial
acts like Apoptygma Berzerk, Assemblage 23, cEvin Key, Covenant, Croc
Shop, Das Ich, Decoded Feedback, din_fiv, Dismantled, Download, Front
Line Assembly, Front 242, Funker Vogt, Haujobb, Hocico, Icon of Coil,
In Strict Confidence, Juno Reactor, Kevorkian Death Cycle, KMFDM,
Leaether Strip, Mentallo & the Fixer, Necrofix, Numb, Project
Pitchfork, Snog, Velvet Acid Christ, VNV Nation, Wolfsheim, :wumpscut:,
X Marks The Pedwalk and many more innovative industrial, gothic, and
electronic artists.
1995 - By September, all companies in the DVD consortium agreed to DVD
standards.
1995 - VNV Nation's first full length release, "Advance and Follow."
1995 - Funket Vogt form.
1997 - MP3.com was founded in November by Michael Robertson
1998 - Front Line Assembly releases "FLAvor of the Weak."
1999 -The 5 largest record companies in the U.S. controlled 84% of the
755 million albums sold in the U.S.
1999 - Wolfsheim release their fifth album, Spectators. The album
remained at number two on the German Media Control Charts for several
weeks, and became one of the most sought-after synth-pop albums of all
time.
2000 - Icon Of Coil release their first full length album "Serenity Is
The Devil "
2001 - :wumpscut: releases Wreath of Barbs, a masterpiece that fans
and foes were yearning for.
2003 - Wolfsheim release "Casting Shadows."
ELECTRONIC REVOLUTION
History of Sound Recording/Consumer and Corporate Broadcasting
1877 - Phonograh invented by Thomas Edison - The phonograph was the
world’s first audio recording device. It was invented in 1877 by the
American Thomas Edison (1847-1931).
Early phonographs used a cylinder covered with
strips of tinfoil wrapped around a 4" diameter drum. Recording and
playback relied on acoustic means, a singer would sing into a horn
attached to the phonograph. The audio vibrations would be transferred
via a stylus assembly onto the tinfoil. This left a copy of the sound
vibrations imprinted on the foil as the cylinder rotated and the
stylus followed a spiral track.
1888 – 1909 Choralcello - The
Choralcello ("heavenly Voices") was was a hybrid electronic and
electro-acoustic instrument. The Choralcello was designed and
developed by Melvin Severy with the assistance of his brother in law
George B. Sinclair at Arlington Heights, Mass USA. The machine was
manufactured by the 'Choralcello Manufacturing Co' in Boston as an
expensive home organ for social music recitals. The Choralcello was
developed by Severy from 1888 until 1909 when it was presented to the
public in Boston, Mass
1899 - William Du Bois Duddell and the "Singing Arc"
Before Thomas Alva Edison invented the
electric light bulb electric street lighting was in wide use in
Europe. A carbon arc lamp provided light by creating a spark between
two carbon nodes. The problem with this method of lighting, apart from
the dullness of the light and inneficient use of electricity was a
constant humming noise from the arc. The British physicist William
Duddell was appointed to solve the problem in London in 1899 and
during his experiments found that by varying the voltage supplied to
the lamps he could create controllable audible frequencies
1898 - Valdemar Poulsen patented in Denmark on Dec. 1 the first
magnetic recorder, called the "telegraphone," using steel wire; he
exhibited his device at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and formed the
American Telegraphone Co. in Nov. 1903 after Congress validated his
American patent 661,619.
1901 - The first
radio receiver, successfully
received a radio transmission.
1906 - Lee Deforest invents
electronic amplifying tube
(triode).
1911 - Edwin S. Pridham and
Peter L. Jensen in Napa, California, invented a moving-coil
loudspeaker they called the "Magnavox" that was used by
Woodrow Wilson in San Diego in 1919.
1912 - Edison introduced celluloid blue Amberol cylinders that played
for 4 minutes. When played with a diamond stylus, the new cylinder had
low surface noise that resulted in higher acoustic quality than flat
discs.
1913 – Flat Disc for Recording : Edison finally conceded victory to
the flat disc when he began to sell the Diamond-Disc players and
recordings. The Diamond discs had a surface of Condensite plastic
laminated to a solid core and a thickness of 1/4 inch. Condensite was
a resin plastic like Bakelite, the first artificial plastic patented
in 1909 by Leo Baekeland.
1913 – Amplifying Vacuum Tube : Harold D. Arnold builds the first
amplifying vacuum tube
1914 - ASCAP founded to enforce 1909 Copyright Act.
1916 -
Radios tuners invented, that
received different stations.
1917 – Theremin Invented : Leon (or Lev) Sergeivitch Termen the
Russian Cellist and electronic engineer creates one of the first
electronic instruments.
1918 - The
superheterodyne radio circuit
invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong. Today, every radio or television
set uses this invention.
1919 - Short-wave radio invented.
1921 - Artificial life begins -- the first
robot built.
1924 - The
dynamic loudspeaker invented
by Rice and Kellogg.
1928 - Dr. Fritz Pfleumer patent in Germany for application of
magnetic powders to strip of paper or film.
1929 - American, Paul Galvin invents the
car radio.
1930 - The "differential analyzer", or analog
computer invented by Vannevar
Bush at MIT in Boston.
1933 -
Frequency modulation (FM
radio) invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong.
1933 - Homer Capehart sold Simplex changer mechanism to Wurlitzer,
sold juke boxes to distributors who installed music systems in
post-Prohibition grilles and taverns.
1931 - Pfleumer and AEG begin to construct the first magnetic tape
recorders.
1948 - Columbia introduced on June 21 the first 12-inch 33-1/3 rpm
micro-groove LP vinylite record with 23-minute per side capacity,
developed by Peter Goldmark in 1947, using players made by Philco.
1949 - RCA Victor introduced 7-inch 45 rpm micro-groove Extended
Play vinylite record and player; later records made of
polystyrene. In September, Capitol became the first major label to
support all three
recording speeds of 78, 45, 33-1/3 rpm.
1951 - war of the speeds ended as Victor sold LPs and Columbia sold
45s.
1951 - Stefan Kudelski in Switzerland built the first
Nagra portable, self-contained tape recorder with wind-up motor,
and Max
Grundig in Germany introduced the Reporter tape recorder.
1947 - Big 6 record companies controlled majority industry: Columbia,
Victor, Decca, Capitol, MGM, Mercury; but teenagers rejected majority
music style, giving opportunity to the rise of new small independent
labels.
1947 - Roy Brown recorded one of the earliest "rock and roll" songs
Good Rocking Tonight on DeLuxe label, although the name was common
in early blues recordings such as Trixie Smith's 1922 My Man Rocks
Me With One Steady Roll.
1949 - Magnecord added a 2nd head to its PT-6 tape recorder (mono
model first introduced at the May 1948 NAB show) to create one of the
first open reel stereo tape recorders; see
tape recorder ads. Willi Studer in
Germany made his first Dynavox tape recorder that evolved into
Revox.
1958 - world standard for stereo records established, and first stereo
LPs sold; new generation of
Hi-Fi components adopt stereo. Koss introduced stereo headphones.
1963 - Philips demonstrated its first
compact audio cassette using high-quality BASF polyester 1/8-inch
tape that ran at 1-7/8 ips; sold the next year in the U.S. with the
Norelco Carry-Corder dictation machine, but the demand for blank tape
used for personal music recording was unanticipated by Philips.
1966 - U.S. cars equipped with
8-track stereo cartridge tape players developed by William Lear
(who founded the
Learjet aviation company in 1962), Ampex, and RCA.
1969 - Dolby Noise Reduction introduced for pre-recorded tapes.
1978 - Pioneer developed the LaserDisc that
was first used by General Motors to train Cadillac salesmen. Pioneer
began selling home LaserDisc players in 1980.
1979 - Sony introduced the TPS-L2 Walkman portable audio cassette
player, inaugurating a new era of personal music listening
Digital Revolution
1982 - first digital audio 5-inch CD discs
marketed, merging the consumer music industry with
the computer revolution
1985 - Sony and Philips produced the standard for Compact Disc Read
Only Memory (CD-ROM) computer discs that would use the same laser
technology as the audio CD.
1987 - Digital Audio Tape (DAT) players introduced
1988 - for the first time, CD sales surpassed LP sales, leaving CD and
cassette as the two dominant consumer formats
1994 - Global Big 6 control $30 billion record industry: Philips (owns
Polygram, A&M, Mercury, Island), Sony (owns CBS Records), Matsushita
(owns MCA, Geffen), Thorn-EMI (owns Capitol, Virgin), Time Warner, and
Bertelsmann (owns RCA Records)
1995 - By September, all companies in the DVD consortium agreed to
DVD standards.
1996 - DVD players started selling in Japan, and began in 1997 selling
in the U.S.
1997 -
MP3.com was founded in November by Michael Robertson
1998 - Jonell Polansky produced the first 24-bit 48-track digital
recording session at
Ocean Way on Nashville's
Music Row
1998 -
The Last Broadcast premiered Oct. 19 as "the first desktop
feature film" produced and exhibited digitally, co-sponsored by
Texas Instruments using its DLP digital cinema projector.
1999 -
TiVo and
Philips announced March 31 in a
press release shipments of "the first personal TV system."
1999 -The 5 largest record companies in the U.S. controlled 84% of the
755 million albums sold in the U.S.
THIS TIME LINE WAS COMPILED USING INTERNET RESOURCES.
ACCURACY OF DATES IS SUBJECT TO INFORMATION AVAILABLE. FEEL FREE TO
E.MAIL US YOUR
ADDITIONS, SUGGESTIONS OR CORRECTIONS. |
